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B) Which Specimen Is a New World Monkey? How Do You Know? Corsehero

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Beast of the "higher primates" (the simians), simply excluding the apes

For the monophyletic clade, see Simian.

Monkeys

Temporal range: Late Eocene–Present [one]

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Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Mangaon, Maharashtra, India
Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata Mangaon, Maharashtra, Republic of india
Scientific nomenclature Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Course: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
[a]
Groups included
Platyrrhini
Cercopithecidae
†Parapithecidae
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Hominoidea

Monkey is a common proper name that may refer to most mammals of the infraorder Simiiformes, also known equally the simians. Traditionally, all animals in the group now known as simians are counted as monkeys except the apes, a grouping known every bit paraphyletic; however in the broader sense based on cladistics, apes (Hominoidea) are besides included, making the terms monkeys and simians synonyms in regard of their telescopic. Monkeys are divided into the families of New Globe monkeys (Platyrrhini) and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae in the strict sense; Catarrhini in the broad sense, which over again includes apes).

Many monkey species are tree-dwelling (arboreal), although there are species that alive primarily on the ground, such as baboons. Most species are mainly agile during the day (diurnal). Monkeys are mostly considered to be intelligent, especially the Erstwhile Earth monkeys.

Simians and tarsiers, the two members of the suborder Haplorhini, emerged some 60 million years ago. New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians some 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged inside the catarrhine monkeys some 25 meg years agone. Extinct basal simians such equally Aegyptopithecus or Parapithecus [35–32 million years ago] are also considered monkeys by primatologists.[iii] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Lemurs, lorises, and galagos are not monkeys; instead they are strepsirrhine primates (suborder Strepsirrhini). The simians' sister grouping, the tarsiers are also haplorhine primates; still, they are besides not monkeys.

Apes emerged within "monkeys" as sister of the Cercopithecidae in the Catarrhini, so cladistically they are monkeys as well. There has been resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys, so "One-time World monkey" may be taken to hateful either the Cercopithecoidea (not including apes) or the Catarrhini (including apes).[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [xiii] [xiv] [15] [16] That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.[17]

Monkeys, including apes, can be distinguished from other primates by having only 2 pectoral nipples, a pendulous penis, and a lack of sensory whiskers.[eighteen] [ improve source needed ]

Historical and modern terminology

Co-ordinate to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the Reynard the Trick fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a grapheme named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape.[19] In English, no articulate distinction was originally made between "ape" and "monkey"; thus the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica entry for "ape" notes that information technology is either a synonym for "monkey" or is used to mean a tailless humanlike primate.[twenty] Colloquially, the terms "monkey" and "ape" are widely used interchangeably.[21] As well, a few monkey species have the give-and-take "ape" in their mutual proper name, such every bit the Barbary ape.

Later in the get-go half of the 20th century, the idea developed that there were trends in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could exist bundled in a serial, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans.[22] Monkeys thus constituted a "grade" on the path to humans and were distinguished from "apes".

Scientific classifications are now more than often based on monophyletic groups, that is groups consisting of all the descendants of a mutual antecedent. The New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are each monophyletic groups, but their combination was non, since it excluded hominoids (apes and humans). Thus, the term "monkey" no longer referred to a recognized scientific taxon. The smallest accepted taxon which contains all the monkeys is the infraorder Simiiformes, or simians. Nevertheless this also contains the hominoids, then that monkeys are, in terms of currently recognized taxa, non-hominoid simians. Colloquially and pop-culturally, the term is ambiguous and sometimes monkey includes non-homo hominoids.[23] In addition, frequent arguments are made for a monophyletic usage of the word "monkey" from the perspective that usage should reflect cladistics.[12] [24] [25] [26] [27]

A group of monkeys may exist commonly referred to as a tribe or a troop.[28]

Two separate groups of primates are referred to as "monkeys": New Globe monkeys (platyrrhines) from S and Central America and Erstwhile Globe monkeys (catarrhines in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea) from Africa and Asia. Apes (hominoids)—consisting of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos, and humans—are likewise catarrhines only were classically distinguished from monkeys.[29] [4] [30] [31] Tailless monkeys may be called "apes", incorrectly co-ordinate to modern usage; thus the tailless Barbary macaque is historically called the "Barbary ape".

Description

As apes have emerged in the monkey grouping equally sis of the old world monkeys, characteristics that describe monkeys are generally shared by apes as well. Williams et al outlined evolutionary features, including in stalk groupings, contrasted against the other primates such as the tarsiers and the lemuriformes.[32]

Monkeys range in size from the pygmy marmoset, which tin be as small every bit 117 millimetres (4.6 in) with a 172-millimetre (6.8 in) tail and just over 100 grams (3.5 oz) in weight,[33] to the male mandrill, well-nigh 1 metre (3.3 ft) long and weighing up to 36 kilograms (79 lb).[34] Some are arboreal (living in copse) while others live on the savanna; diets differ amongst the diverse species but may contain whatever of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, basics, flowers, eggs and pocket-sized animals (including insects and spiders).[35]

Some characteristics are shared among the groups; nigh New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old Globe monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Onetime Globe monkeys have trichromatic color vision like that of humans, while New World monkeys may be trichromatic, dichromatic, or—every bit in the owl monkeys and greater galagos—monochromatic. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, accept forward-facing eyes, the faces of Old Globe and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps.[35]

Classification

The following list shows where the diverse monkey families (bolded) are placed in the classification of living (extant) primates.

  • Order Primates
    • Suborder Strepsirrhini: lemurs, lorises, and galagos
    • Suborder Haplorhini: tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
      • Infraorder Tarsiiformes
        • Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
      • Infraorder Simiiformes: simians
        • Parvorder Platyrrhini: New Globe monkeys
          • Family Callitrichidae: marmosets and tamarins (42 species)
          • Family Cebidae: capuchins and squirrel monkeys (14 species)
          • Family unit Aotidae: nighttime monkeys (11 species)
          • Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis, and uakaris (41 species)
          • Family Atelidae: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys (24 species)
        • Parvorder Catarrhini
          • Superfamily Cercopithecoidea
            • Family unit Cercopithecidae: Quondam World monkeys (135 species)
          • Superfamily Hominoidea: apes
            • Family unit Hylobatidae: gibbons ("bottom apes") (20 species)
            • Family Hominidae: groovy apes (including humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans) (8 species)

Cladogram with extinct families

Below is a cladogram with some extinct monkey families.[36] [37] [38] By and large, extinct non-hominoid simians, including early on catarrhines are discussed as monkeys besides as simians or anthropoids,[29] [4] [30] which cladistically means that Hominoidea are monkeys as well, restoring monkeys every bit a single grouping. It is indicated approximately how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.[39] [40] [41] [42] It is thought the New World monkeys started as a drifted "Old Globe monkey" group from the Old World (probably Africa) to the New World (South America).[4]

Relationship with humans

Macaque on a "Please do non feed monkeys" sign in Ko Chang, Thailand.

Sign at a store in Swyambhunath, Bagmati, Nepal, which reads "Monkey'due south Food is Bachelor here". Some places utilize their monkey population every bit a tourist allure.

The many species of monkey take varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets, others used every bit model organisms in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in monkey drives (when they threaten agriculture) or used as service animals for the disabled.

In some areas, some species of monkey are considered agronomical pests, and can cause extensive damage to commercial and subsistence crops.[43] [44] This tin have important implications for the conservation of endangered species, which may be subject to persecution. In some instances farmers' perceptions of the damage may exceed the bodily damage.[45] Monkeys that have become habituated to human presence in tourist locations may as well exist considered pests, attacking tourists.[46]

In popular culture monkeys are a symbol of playfulness, mischief and fun.[47] [ round reference ]

Every bit service animals for disabled people

Some organizations train capuchin monkeys every bit service animals to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home every bit infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before beingness placed with disabled people. Around the house, the monkeys help with daily tasks such equally feeding, fetching, manipulating objects, and personal care.[48]

Helper monkeys are normally trained in schools past individual organizations, taking seven years to train, and are able to serve 25–30 years (two to three times longer than a guide dog).[49]

In 2010, the U.S. federal regime revised its definition of service animal under the Americans with Disabilities Deed (ADA). Non-man primates are no longer recognized as service animals nether the ADA.[l] The American Veterinary Medical Clan does not back up the apply of non-man primates as assistance animals because of beast welfare concerns, the potential for serious injury to people, and risks that primates may transfer unsafe diseases to humans.[51]

In experiments

The most common monkey species constitute in animal research are the grivet, the rhesus macaque, and the crab-eating macaque, which are either wild-defenseless or purpose-bred.[52] [53] They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive wheel (compared to apes) and their psychological and concrete similarity to humans. Worldwide, it is thought that betwixt 100,000 and 200,000 non-human primates are used in research each yr,[53] 64.7% of which are Old World monkeys, and five.five% New Globe monkeys.[54] This number makes a very small fraction of all animals used in enquiry.[53] Betwixt 1994 and 2004 the United States has used an average of 54,000 non-human primates, while around 10,000 non-human primates were used in the European union in 2002.[54]

In space

A number of countries accept used monkeys every bit role of their space exploration programmes, including the Us and France. The starting time monkey in space was Albert 2, who flew in the United states of america-launched V-ii rocket on June 14, 1949.[55]

Every bit food

Monkey brains are eaten as a delicacy in parts of Southern asia, Africa and Prc.[56] Monkeys are sometimes eaten in parts of Africa, where they can be sold equally "bushmeat". In traditional Islamic dietary laws, the eating of monkeys is forbidden.[57]

Literature

Illustration of Indian monkeys known as bandar from the illuminated manuscript Baburnama (Memoirs of Babur)

Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a grapheme who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel Journey to the West.

Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, tv programs, and movies. The television series Monkey and the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples.

Informally, "monkey" may refer to apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas. Author Terry Pratchett alludes to this divergence in usage in his Discworld novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen Academy is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. Another example is the use of Simians in Chinese poetry.

The winged monkeys are prominent characters in 50. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz books and in the 1939 film based on Baum'southward 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Organized religion and worship

Monkey is the symbol of fourth Tirthankara in Jainism, Abhinandananatha.[58] [59]

Hanuman, a prominent deity in Hinduism, is a human-similar monkey god who is believed to bestow courage, strength and longevity to the person who thinks about him or Rama.

In Buddhism, the monkey is an early incarnation of Buddha but may also stand for trickery and ugliness. The Chinese Buddhist "heed monkey" metaphor refers to the unsettled, restless state of human mind. Monkey is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness.

The Sanzaru, or three wise monkeys, are revered in Japanese folklore; together they embody the proverbial principle to "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[60]

The Moche people of aboriginal Republic of peru worshipped nature.[61] They placed accent on animals and oft depicted monkeys in their art.[62]

The Tzeltal people of Mexico worshipped monkeys equally incarnations of their dead ancestors.

Zodiac

The Monkey (猴) is the ninth in the twelve-twelvemonth cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The adjacent fourth dimension that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the yr 2028.[63]

See also

  • List of New Earth monkey species
  • Listing of Old Earth monkey species
  • List of individual monkeys
  • List of fictional primates
  • List of primates
  • List of primates by population
  • Monkey Day
  • Signifying monkey

Notes

  1. ^ When Carl Linnaeus defined the genus Simia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, information technology included all non-human monkeys and apes (simians).[2] Although "monkey" was never a taxonomic name, and is instead a colloquial name for a paraphyletic grouping, its members autumn under the infraorder Simiiformes.

References

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Literature cited

  • Groves, C. (2008). Extended Family: Long Lost Cousins. Conservation International. ISBN978-1-934151-25-9. OCLC 300051037.

Further reading

  • "How to Avoid Monkey Bites and Attacks in Southeast Asia" by Gregory Rodgers, Trip Savvy, 21 Dec 2018
  • "Monkeys and Monkey Gods in Mythology, Folklore, and Religion" by Anniina Jokinen, Luminarium: Album of English Literature
  • "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories", by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001
  • The Trouble with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Practice Not Brand Adept Pets, an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com
  • Helping Hands: Monkey helpers for the disabled, a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places peculiarly trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey

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